Time Period: 1914-1918 - German Occupation during World War I

Timeline

  • Territories where the local currency continued circulating:
    - 03.10.1914: Belgium: Official parity of German Mark = 1.25 Belgian Francs.
    - ??.10.1914: France: De facto parity of German Mark = 1.25 French Francs.
    - 28.11.1914: Luxembourg: Official parity of German Mark = 1.25 Luxembourg Francs.
  • Territory of the Eastern Supreme Command ("Gebiet des Oberbefehlshabers Ost") in Western Russia (including Baltic and Poland):
    - 24.01.1916: Resolution of the military authority on the issuance of money for the occupied territory
    - 17.04.1916: Ordinance of the military authority [in "Befehl- und Verordnungsblatt des Oberbefehlshabers Ost", No. 11, p.147-148] on the establishment of the Eastern Loan Bank ("Darlehenskasse Ost") as subsidiary of the Eastern Bank for Trade and Commerce ("Ostbank für Handel und Gewerbe", est. 16.03.1857 as Provincial Joint Stock Bank of the Grand Duchy of Poznań ("Provinzial-Aktienbank des Großherzogtums Posen") and renamed on 21.06.1898) in Poznań as issuing institute for the occupied territory; effective immediately
    - 04.04.1918: Extension of the issuing privilege to the Eastern Loan Bank in Kaunas.
    - 1916-1918: Issuance of banknotes denominated in Mark and Ruble (referred to as "Ost-Mark" and "Ost-Rubel"), as well as subsidiary coins of 3, 2, 1 Kopeks, at a rate of 1 "Ost-Mark" = ½ "Ost-Rubel" = 1 German Mark (the notes circulated in Lithuania until end-August 1922).


Time Period: 1939-1945 - German Annexation during World War III

Timeline

  • German Mark was introduced following the annexation:
    - 23.04.1938: Austria: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 1.50 Austrian Schilling, exchange period ended 15.05.1938.
    - 10.10.1938: Sudetenland: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 8.33 Czechoslovak Crowns, exchange period ended 15.11.1939.
    - 21.04.1939: Memel: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 2.50 Lithuanian Lit, exchange period ended 20.05.1939.
    - 22.11.1939: Western Poland: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 2 Polish Zloty, exchange period ended 09.12.1939.
    - 06.06.1940: Eupen & Malmedy: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 10 Belgian Francs, exchange period ended 30.06.1940.
    - 29.01.1941: Luxembourg: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 10 Luxembourg Francs, exchange period ended 28.02.1941.
    - 01.03.1941: Lorraine: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 20 French Francs, exchange period ended 30.04.1941.
    - 05.03.1941: Alsace: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 20 French Francs, exchange period ended 30.04.1941.
    - 23.05.1941: Carinthia & Carniola: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 20 Yugoslav Dinars, exchange period ended 30.06.1941.
    - 28.05.1941: Lower Styria: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 20 Yugoslav Dinars, exchange period ended 30.06.1941.
    - ??.??.1941: Bialystok: Start of issuance at a rate of 1 German Mark = 10 Russian Rubles, exchange period ended 30.10.1941.


Time Period: 1939-1945 - German Occupation during World War II

Timeline

  • Territories where the local currency continued circulating:
    - 21.03.1939: Bohemia-Moravia: Official parity of German Mark = 10 Czechoslovak Crowns
    - 11.09.1939: "General Government": Official parity of German Mark = 2 Polish Zloty.
    - 22.07.1940: Belgium: Official parity of German Mark = 12.50 Belgian Francs (May-July 1940: 10 Belgian Francs).
    - 23.07.1940: Luxembourg: Official parity of German Mark = 12.50 Luxembourg Francs (May-July 1940: 10 Luxembourg Francs).
    - ??.07.1940: Netherlands: De facto parity of German Mark = ~0.75 Netherlands Guilders (fluctuated around 1.33 : 1).
    - 15.11.1940: France: Official parity of German Mark = 20 French Francs.
    - ??.04.1941: Denmark: De facto parity of German Mark = ~1.92 Danish Crowns (fluctuated around 0.52 : 1).
    - ??.04.1941: Norway: De facto parity of German Mark = ~1.72 Norwegian Crowns (fluctuated around 0.58 : 1).
    - 28.05.1941: Yugoslavia: Official parity of German Mark = 20 Yugoslav Dinars.
    - 17.07.1941: Western Soviet Union: Official parity of German Mark = 10 Soviet Rubles.
    - 28.09.1942: Channel Islands: Official parity of 9.36 German Marks = 1 British Pound (fluctuated de facto around this value).
    - ??.10.1943: Italy: De facto parity of German Mark = 10 Italian Lire (almost fixed value).
  • General Issuing Institute for the Occupied Territories:
    - 23.09.1939: Ordinance on the establishment of State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen") as special branch of the German State Bank ("Reichsbank") for the German armed forces in occupied Poland; effective immediately
    - 28.09.1939: Proclamation on the issuance of paper money for occupied Poland by the State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen"); effective immediately
    - 27.03.1940: Proclamation of the dissolution of the State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen") in the "General Government" and handover of operations to the Issuing Bank for Poland; effective 08.04.1940
    - 03.05.1940: Ordinance on the extension of the issuing privilege of the State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen") to occupied Denmark and Norway; effective 09.05.1940
    - 15.05.1940: Ordinance on the extension of the issuing privilege of the State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen") to occupied Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands; effective immediately
    - 20.07.1940: Proclamation on the issuance of subsidiary coins of 10, 5 Pfennig by the State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen"); effective immediately
    - 01.03.1941: Ordinance on the further extension of the issuing privilege of the State Credit Banks ("Reichskreditkassen") by agreement between the Minister of Finances and the Military Supreme Command; effective immediately.
  • Specialized Issuing Institutes for the Occupied Territories:
    - 15.12.1939: General governor's ordinance on the establishment of the "Issuing Bank for Poland" as issuing institute for occupied Poland; effective upon constitution of the bank on 08.04.1940
    - 04.07.1942: Ordinance ["Verordnung über die Errichtung einer Zentralnotenbank in der Ukraine"] on the creation of the Central Issuing Bank of Ukraine as issuing institute for occupied "Reichskommissariat Ukraine"; effective upon constitution of the bank on 01.07.1942.
    - 30.07.1942: Ordinance ["Verordnung über die Errichtung einer Notenbank im Ostland"] on the creation of the Issuing Bank of East Land as issuing institute for occupied "Reichskommissariat Ostland" (western Soviet Union); effective upon constitution of the bank on 01.04.1943 (no currency was issued).